skBp1023

CONCORDANCE

This is the last posting of our blogging, and again, I did with my partner, Norhayati Abdul Aziz. Norhayati and I was discussed about concordance and summarize the article titled “Beyond Concordance Lines: Using Concordance to Investigate Language Development”, by Arshad Abd Samad. Concordance is a listing of Keywords in Contexts (KWIC) while Concordancer is a tool or a program (software) that helps to list the words in context. Purpose for concordance is to analyze the text and it’s suitable for those who want to study texts closely or analyze language in depth. Arshad Abd. Samad wrote about language productivity, range vocabulary, and sophistication of vocabulary. Language productivity in his article indicated by the number of sentences per essay and the words per sentence. In range of vocabulary, the diversity f the vocabulary used in a corpus is often determined by calculating the type of token ratio. This ratio is calculated by dividing the number of separate words in a text (type) by the number of words in text (token). Sophistication of the vocabulary can be determined by using specialized software, a vocabulary analysis program, which gives an indication of the kind of vocabulary used. The program analyses text by comparing it to several based lists of frequently used of words. Arshad was concluded that the result of concordance and analysis indicate some form of development in terms of language production as well as vocabulary range and sophistication. Equally important, the articles demonstrate that corpus data can be analyzed to inform language educators of language development.

We can use concordance to make indexes and word lists. Secondly, we can use it to counting word frequencies. This can help us to make sure our work easier. Other than that, using concordance, we can compare different usages of a word, analyze keywords, find phrases and idioms, and publish it to the web. Applications of concordance, besides language teaching and learning we also can apply concordance as a data mining and data clean-up. Like Norhayati and me, we use it as our literary work and linguistic. Concordances are frequently used as a tool in linguistics that can be used for the study of a text, such as: comparing different usages of the same word, analysing keywords, analysing word frequencies, finding and analysing phrases and idioms, finding translations of subsentential elements, e.g. terminology, in bitexts and translation memories, creating indexes and word lists (also useful for publishing)

Based on Wikipedia; ‘a concordance is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, with their immediate contexts. Because of the time and difficulty and expense involved in creating a concordance in the pre-computer era, only works of special importance, such as the Bible, Qur’an or the works of Shakespeare, had concordances prepared for them.’

Even with the use of computers, producing a concordance (whether on paper or in a computer) may require much manual work, because they often include additional material, including commentary on, or definitions of, the indexed words, and topical cross-indexing that is not yet possible with computer-generated and computerized concordances.

However, when the text of a work is on a computer, a search function can carry out the basic task of a concordance, and is in some respects even more versatile than one on paper.A bilingual concordance is a concordance based on aligned parallel text.

A topical concordance is a list of subjects that a book (usually The Bible) covers, with the immediate context of the coverage of those subjects. Unlike a traditional concordance, the indexed word does not have to appear in the verse. The most well known topical concordance is Nave’s Topical Bible.

The first concordance, to the Vulgate Bible, was compiled by Hugo de Saint Charo (d.1262), who employed 500 monks to assist him. In 1448 Rabbi Mordecai Nathan completed a concordance to the Hebrew Bible. It took him ten years. 1599 saw a concordance to the Greek New Testament published by Henry Stephens and the Septuagint was done a couple of years later by Conrad Kircher in 1602. The first concordance to the English bible was published in 1550 by Mr Marbeck, according to Cruden it did not employ the verse numbers devised by Robert Stephens in 1545 but “the pretty large concordance” of Mr Cotton did. Then followed the notorious Cruden’s Concordance and Strong’s Concordance.

Inverting a concordance

A famous use of a concordance involved the reconstruction of the text of some of the Dead Sea Scrolls from a concordance.

Access to some of the scrolls was governed by a “secrecy rule” that allowed only the original International Team or their designates to view the original materials. After the death of Roland de Vaux in 1971, his successors repeatedly refused to even allow the publication of photographs to other scholars. This restriction was circumvented by Martin Abegg in 1991, who used a computer to “invert” a concordance of the missing documents made in the 1950s which had come into the hands of scholars outside of the International Team, to obtain an approximate reconstruction of the original text of 17 of the documents.

As a English Literature students, here, we give some examples of the concordance that we got from the ISU Play Concordance : The Death Of A Salesman that we was studied in Critical Appreciation course and we apply it as a concordance usage.

Examples of the applications of concordance in literary work and linguistic.

The examples usage of A, Back, At, Be,and The in the different type of sentences :

2.6  ::BACK             :=Biff:                                       Pop, how can I go back?

2.6  ::BACK             :=Biff:                      of horses couldn't have dragged me back to Bill Oliver!

2.7  ::BACK             :=Willy:                           You're on. We'll drive right back.

2.7  ::BACK             :=Willy:                                    Ah -- you better go back to your room. They must be finished

2.7  ::BACK             :=Willy:                    so I let her take a shower here. Go back, go back . . .

2.7  ::BACK             :=Willy:                    her take a shower here. Go back, go back . . .

1.3  ::AT               :=Linda:                              Why? Why would they laugh at you? Don't talk that way, Willy.

1.3  ::AT               :=Willy:                                         But I gotta be at it ten, twelve hours a day. Other men

1.3  ::AT               :=Willy:                   I'm fat. I'm very -- foolish to look at, Linda. I didn't tell you, but Christmas

1.3  ::AT               :=Willy:                  will not take that. But they do laugh at me. I know that.

1.3  ::AT               :=The Woman:                           I did. I've been sitting at that desk watching all the salesmen go

1.4  ::AT               :=Willy:                            You go ahead, I'm not tired at the moment.

1.4  ::AT               :=Ben:                       are several properties I'm looking at in Alaska.

1.3  ::BE               :=Linda:                                              Oh, don't be foolish.

1.3  ::BE               :=Willy:                                            But I gotta be at it ten, twelve hours a day. Other men

1.3  ::BE               :=Willy:                  you, but Christmas time I happened to be calling on F. H. Stewarts, and a salesman

1.3  ::BE               :=The Woman:                                                . . . my sisters'll be scandalized. When'll you

1.3  ::BE               :=The Woman:                             . . . my sisters'll be scandalized. When'll you be back?

1.3  ::BE               :=Willy:                   the matter with him! You want him to be a worm like Bernard? He's got spirit,

1.4  ::BE               :=Charley:                                         You ought to be ashamed of yourself!

1.4  ::THE              :=Willy:                                              . . . was rich! That's just the spirit I want to imbue

1.5  ::THE              :=Biff:                                                    What the hell is the matter with him?

1.5  ::THE              :=Biff:                                        What the hell is the matter with him?

1.5  ::THE              :=Biff:                                                I was on the move. But you know I thought of you all

1.5  ::THE              :=Biff:                       But you know I thought of you all the time. You know that, don't you, pal?

1.5  ::THE              :=Biff:                                  He's not like this all the time, is he?

1.5  ::THE              :=Linda:                    It's when you come home he's always the worst.

Bibliography :

http://www.public.iastate.edu/~userve_src/Concord/death.conhtml

http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordance_ (publishing)

lecture notes

Online Quiz Results Results Summary Online Quiz Results :: Kemahiran Asas ICT ——————————————————————————– Your Score : 18/30 Online Quiz Results Summary Your #Attempts : 1 Total Class #Attempts : 628 Your Quiz Score : 18/30 Your Highest Score Ever : 18 Note: This may not be your final marks. Due to some of the subjective and semi-objective questions (short essay and fill in the blank).

My experience using the Online test

Nowadays we are in new era of globalization. Most activities today’s were based on ICT. Like or not, we have to know at least something or a bit about ICT, so that we can manage our life properly. As university student, ICT really familiar with me, and most my assignment has to do using online. In my blogging course also, even the test we have to do through online, that what we call online test. Here I will tell a bit about my experience in taking ICT online test. This test is about using ICT in our life and courses that we’ve learned before. As you can see, above was my result in taking Ujian Kendiri Online Test (Kemahiran Asas ICT) on 3^rd of April, 2008. I did it in my tutorial classes, that managed by Puan Zaini.

Actually, I’m not really happy with my result. In case, if that all I can do, I have to accept that. And I hope I can do better further, to get higher marks. For me, there was a bit problems actually, maybe not for else. It’s not a big, but just a bit. Just making me confused when taking this test. At first, I was shocked when the language was in Malay. Because before this we’ve learned in English, but suddenly we found it in differ language. However, I still can do that and the result, as you can see, 18/30! For me, that was really bad.

Lastly, I think that this online test have their own advantages and disadvantages. In my opinion, the advantages was the student can add more knowledge about IT, so that when they stepped out from university one day, they’ll not really shocked and at least know about taking test using online. But in security features, online test was really good. Because we have to open it using our own password, so no one can cheating, and no one can see our result. All the information and data were safe. For the disadvantages, testing online not good if the server down, or not work properly. For the example, while were doing the test, suddenly the network connection was failed, and we have to do it again. Isn’t that wasting time? But for me, that’s not the problems. Because everything have heir good and bad effects. It’s our job to do the best.

4^TH ASSIGNMENT 

My experience in blogging

It’s been week fourteen now, that’s mean fourteen week I’m in this course, and 2 week from now I’ll doing final exam. So hard to believe, but it’s the truth, because it feels like just a few days’s I’m learning ICT course. Here, I’m writing again, and I’ll talk about my experience in my blogging. Of course blogging gave me so many experiences, teaching me new skills, and over all I’ve learned many things that I don’t know before. It is because in blogging, what I have to do is just writing, writing, and writing. Or I can conclude that as writing practice.

First of all, my writing techniques show improvement since I’m blogging. For example, my grammar skill. Although it’s not very help me, but at least I know something about how to use grammar correctly especially when I’m writing. What suitable words, signals words that I can and can’t use, where I have to use that words, how to arrange sentence, using past and present tense, using transition signals, quotations, and many more that I can’t explain here because so many of them. Other example, I’ll tell my story about what activities that help me improve my writing techniques. In my first assignment, I really don’t know what to write. Most important, how to write successfully so that I can make my lecturer happy and satisfied when they read my blog and it’s very important for me to get higher marks from them. I explored, searched and analyzed many resources and references to do for the best. When I found my suitable topics and points, I’d to change them in suitable paragraph and essay so that it’s not seems like I’m plagiarism or copy and paste the essay. So, I change the sentence such as from active to passive, sometimes from past to present, so that the essay lastly will sounds and seems good. I did many researches in internet, open back my old grammar books, and went to library just to make sure that my assignment success. That’s what I did in blogging when my lecturer, Puan Zaini told me to find something.

More than that, blogging also gave a useful learning experience for me. As I told before, I’ve learned many new things that I don’t know before blogging. You know, when I’ve told to find some research, I’ll go to many research to find the suitable one. It is very practical where in that my searching ways, I also found any other new information and it’s very useful information to me. But it’ also has other un-useful information that I shouldn’t know, such as some porno pictures. I don’t know how it can happen; it is when I’m searching some research. Then it came out with other porno web site, I just have to click if I want that. Other from that, very dangerous viruses such as ‘I love u virus’, ‘faisal virus’ and so on. Sometimes when I went to some wrong site, it’ll cause some kind of viruses like pop up came in my laptop and ruined all my works. That’s the worst thing happened in my blogging practice. But, blogging really enjoyable to me. I’ve found many friends, and we can share and change many information together. I can see my colorful friend’s blog also.  It is very effective ways so that I can always communicate with my friends.

 I admit that I have so many weaknesses especially in my writing and reading skills. Blogging is not just you have to blogging always, but we have to know how to do it in right ways. All I know now, I’ve to learn many things before I can go on in this blogging. I always dreaming and I really want to be a good bloggers in future. I hope my dreams will come true. I will put many useful information in my blog, so that who ever read my blog, they will get new information that they never learn or heard or even seen everywhere and anywhere before. Hopefully I’ll get what I want later. So, I have to do many researches, get so many information as much I can, and make my blog readers excited when they open my blog. But I really have to struggle to do my best in my blog.

Since I’m the new user of the blog, and I just know about this blog during taking this course, so I’d facing lot of problems. One of them, I don’t how to manage my blog, to make my blog look gorgeous. I really want my blog seems very cheerful, interesting and beautiful. After many times trying, searching, now I get a bit what I want. Just a bit. And I’ll continuing do my best until I’m satisfied with what I want. I want my readers know what I like and what I don’t, and I want to share that with them. As I told before, I do have problems when I’m searching for new information. Such as I get wrong site, like porno site and ‘cheating’ awards. For porno site, I got it when I’m looking for research, then it will came out with porno site, and I just have to click to that link if I want that. For ‘cheating’ awards, it happened when I did same, getting new information’s. Suddenly they will come out with pop up that told me won an award. Of course that really ridiculous, because not relevant if we don’t do anything, then suddenly you’ve been told that you won 1^st prize of some contest from some company. Funny right? Also, what problems that I’m facing are my grammar skills. That is my big problems that I have to solve. Also, problems came when I want to post my assignment into blog. First, I’ve ready wit all my assignment. Then it’s time to post it. I did it. And I’m happy because my 1^st work done. But then when I came to class, my lecturers told that she don’t get my assignment yet. That means I didn’t post my assignment. When I checked, then I know that I have to publish it, not just save it. When I save it, it just saves and do not appear in my blog. That’s why my lecturer doesn’t get it. So now I know what the right thing to do in my blog post later.

In addition, I absolutely will tell all my friends and hopefully all people that I know about this blogging. I will tell them that this activities very interesting, very exciting and very enjoyable also practical and effective to get new information. Sometimes information that we never knew before, we will know about that after we active in blogging. Once we involve in this, we will enjoy it and it’s not too much to say that some people very addict in this blog. Because overall, blogging is about talking our experience in life, sharing information, and many more.

In brief, I’m very enjoying using this blog. I can share my entire story with my friends and all blog readers. Absolutely I will continue using this blog, because it is one of the ways that I can communicate with my friends in effective ways. Even when this SKBP is over, I will able to know what my friends do in future, about their lifestyle, their experience, sharing joy and sadness together and many more. I’m very glad that I’ve been learning in this course because I’ve learned something very valuable in my life. I hope that in this blogging field, there will be many people will involve in this because it’s giving so many goodness, and until now I don’t see any bad impact of using blogger. Otherwise, someone who use this I wrong way. Such as giving wrong information to public, it will cause you be banned or maybe someone will sue you because of your bad blog. There are many cases that some blogger do bad thing in their blog, giving wrong information then lastly they’ll got into jail. I don’t want to be like that. I just want to tell my blog readers about my life, my experience and many more. Lastly, I hope that I’ll have many blog readers in future because that one of the happiest thing in my life; readers see my blog and I’m sure they’ll enjoy it!